Authorization

Authorization in cybersecurity refers to the permissions and privileges granted to users after they have been authenticated. While authentication verifies identity, authorization determines what that identity is allowed to do within a system.

---

Analogy: Authorization in a Building

• Entering a building with an access card (authentication) vs. being allowed into a specific room or floor (authorization).
• This ensures that users can only access areas or data they have permission for.

Authorization in Digital Systems

• In digital contexts, authorization selectively grants access based on the user’s role, responsibilities, or other attributes.
• Example: On social media, general users have limited access, while admins can access backend systems or user data.

Types of Authorization Mechanisms

1. Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)

   • Permissions based on the user’s role within an organization (e.g., admin, user, guest).

2. Rule-Based Access Control

   • Permissions based on specific rules, like time-based access restrictions.

3. Attribute-Based Access Control (ABAC)

   • Permissions based on user attributes (e.g., location, device type, department).

Importance

1. Protecting Sensitive Data

   • Authorization controls who can access and modify sensitive data.
   • Example: In a hospital system, a nurse may only access patient vitals, while only doctors can update treatment plans.

2. Maintaining System Integrity

   • Limits access to critical functions to prevent accidental or malicious alterations.
   • Example: Only accountants are authorized to modify financial records, even though other employees may view them.

3. Streamlining User Experience

   • Limits the interface to only relevant options for each user, creating a more efficient experience.
   • Example: Students in a course see quizzes and practice exams, while instructors have access to upload new content and manage materials.